Discovered about how to stop kids' whining.

Why it happens

Kids are pragmatists. If your child is like most toddlers, he's learned that loud, cranky, increasingly higher-pitched demands for cookies while in the checkout line have the potential to produce a treat. It's not that your toddler is trying to be annoying — he's simply doing what brings results. In addition, your child may not know of a better way to ask. "Toddlers often don't know how else to express what they want," says Dr. Tina Gabby, assistant clinical professor of behavior and development at the University of California, San Francisco. "They get frustrated easily and start to whine." It's crucial to help your child learn more effective ways of expressing himself, because the better results he gets from whining, the more he'll see it as an effective way to rule his world. What to do

Establish your definition of whining. Don't assume that your child knows what whining is and how awful it sounds. Identify whining when you hear it and ask your child to use his regular voice instead. If he has trouble hearing the difference, demonstrate it for him (without making fun of him).

Some experts suggest tape-recording your child, both in mid-whine and during normal conversation. When the two of you are in a good mood, play the tape and talk about it. Explain that whining sounds unpleasant and makes people stop listening. Practice "good" and "bad" voices together — hearing you at your whiniest will probably elicit a good laugh.

Acknowledge your child's need for attention. Children often resort to whining when they've tried and failed to get their parent's ear. Heather Itzla, mother of 2-year-old Ian, finds that her son whines only when she's not responding to what he's saying. "I bend down to his level and make eye contact with him," Itzla says. "Once he sees that I'm listening, I can get him to tell me what he wants without whining."

Whenever your child asks for something in a pleasant way, try to respond as immediately as you can. If you can't do what he wants right then, take a second to acknowledge his request, give him a ballpark estimate for when you'll get to it ("Honey, I know you need more juice. Hang on until I put down these groceries and I'll get it"), and follow through. When your child sees that other ways of voicing his needs produce better results, the whines will taper off.

Make sure the wait time is a realistic one: You can expect your toddler to be patient for as many minutes as he is old (three minutes if he's 3 years old). Try not to use the vague "later," unless you think he understands it. And remember to praise him for waiting when he manages to pull it off.

Show him a better way to address the problem. If your child can't get past the whining, try restating the issue for him. For instance, say, "I can see that you're upset. Is it because I can't take you to the park right now?" This will get a conversation going. Whether or not your child's demand is reasonable, it's important to let him know that he won't get what he wants if his way of asking is unacceptable. Say something like, "I can't understand you when you talk like that. Please use your normal voice and I'll be happy to listen to what you're saying." Don't get riled up, or you'll only feed the fire.

Some children respond better to visual cues. Try holding your hands over your ears and wincing in mock pain to signal that you hear whining (cup your ears and smile serenely when it stops).

Avoid triggers

Taking your hungry toddler grocery shopping before dinner and expecting him to understand that cookies will spoil his appetite is like putting a new trampoline in the kitchen and expecting him not to jump on it until the cake is done baking: It's a foolproof recipe for disaster. Feed him before you go, or pack some healthy snacks he can eat on the way or in the store. Likewise, life will be easier for both of you if you can avoid dragging him on errands — or even to the zoo, for that matter — when he's due for a nap.

Respond consistently

Don't put your foot down one minute and give in to whining the next. If your child tests you in that checkout line, work hard to keep your cool. The last thing you want him to figure out is that whining in public is an effective way to get what he wants. "It's like being at a Las Vegas slot machine," says veteran mom Lisa Levi. "Your child pulls the lever and pulls the lever again. One win — even after 12 losses — will show him that a slot machine is a good bet for making money, and that's not what you want him to learn."

Stay connected

You want your child to know that he can have your attention without whining for it. So be sure to carve out regular time to read a story together, do a puzzle, or just have fun — without his having to complain first. Touch him affectionately, give him plenty of hugs, and praise him when he behaves the way you want.

Try a diversion

Toddlers have few communication skills, so just about anything — not enough toys on the floor, too many kids in a room, or too much juice in the cup — can trigger whining. Sometimes your best bet is to be ready to step in with a redirect ("It's a bird! It's a plane! It's Super Mama") before the whining even starts.

Your Baby's Development Between Two and Three Years

It's thrilling to watch your baby grow and develop, as they learn about you and the world around them.

The information below shows some things your baby may be doing at two years of age and up. Keep in mind that every baby develops differently. Your baby may reach any of these milestones significantly before or after this age. Chances are, her development is proceeding perfectly normally.


SPEECH
Between two and three years:

Vocabulary grows rapidly and child starts combining nouns with verbs to form three to four-word sentences
Begins to use pronouns, such as "I" and "me," and other parts of speech
May begin to ask "why" questions
Pays attention to what others say, whether to him or to someone else


MOTOR SKILLS
Your baby's motor skills encompass all sorts of movement, from supporting her head, to crawling, to holding a crayon.

Gross motor skills involve control of the large muscle groups active in kicking, crawling and walking, among other movements. Fine motor skills typically cover movement and manipulation of objects with the hands -- skills such as reaching, grasping, picking things up and pointing.

Between two and three years:

Gross

Constantly on the move
Loves to be chased
Enjoys going down slides, swinging and running around playgrounds
May pedal small tricycle
Learns to walk on tiptoe and may be able to stand on one foot
May count stairs and jump off the final step
Jumping in place still takes great effort and coordination

Fine

Child learns to coordinate movements of his wrist, fingers and palm
May unscrew lids, turn knobs, unwrap paper


AWARENESS
Babies are highly aware of their surroundings from the beginning. Given time, stimulation, love and interaction with the people in their lives, their understanding of the world grows surprisingly quickly.

Between two and three years:

Starts to solve problems in his head
May understand number concepts like ordination (one dog, two dogs) and the process of classification (a cat is an animal)

Right Daycare or Preschool for your Baby

Choosing the Right Daycare or Preschool
Learning to be socially well adapted takes time, practice and ultimately self-motivation. This is why meeting with other similarly aged children, perhaps at some sort of structured preschool group, can help. Your child will gradually learn what is expected of her both from you and from other adults outside of her family.

As your toddler begins to make the move into the wider world, she becomes aware of social skills, such as learning how to listen and cooperate. The primary way she learns is by example. In other words, how she is treated will influence how she treats others. If she is listened to when she speaks, she will learn to listen to others. And if she feels secure in her place, she won't have to fight to be acknowledged. If you nurture your toddler, you teach compassion. You set the example with your own behavior.

For all of these reasons and more, it's important that you choose a daycare or preschool that accommodates your toddler's emotional, physical and mental development in a nurturing and positive way.


Daycare vs. Preschool

How do you choose between a daycare center and a preschool? The main difference between the two is your child's age: daycare centers are for infants and young toddlers (although many daycares have toddlers aged three and a half or beyond), while preschools are for children ages two and a half or so to six years old. Some daycare centers simply transition older toddlers into a preschool setting within the same facility. Aside from age, the two are similar: daycare centers and preschools must meet the same licensing and accreditation requirement, they cost about the same, and, in general, they can be evaluated using many of the same fundamental criteria.

Think about choosing a daycare or preschool the same way you would think about finding a new pediatrician for your child and expect to invest lots of time and energy in making the right decision. Because so much is riding on your choice - after all, you want your child to spend her days in an enjoyable and nurturing environment - you'll need to do your research. That means checking out local parenting magazines, the Internet, and word-of-mouth recommendations. Ask for referrals from other families; most people won't recommend a place unless they're truly pleased with it. If your child attends daycare already, and if you're looking to move up to a preschool, the caregivers may have suggestions for you.

Once you zero in on a few choices based on cost, distance from your home or work, and other basic factors, call each place and narrow your list to a select few by asking questions. Find out whether the center or school is accredited (it should be) and whether it has clear regulations; a good one should have consistent rules. You should also ask about the teacher-to-student ratio (the fewer children a teacher has to be responsible for, the better for your child since she'll receive more attention). A teacher, no matter how good she is, can't really give the children the attention they deserve if she has to care for more than ten. You also might want to ask about staff turnover, since this is a good indicator both of how happy the staff is and how happy your child will be over the long term.


For Daycare Centers
All accredited daycare centers are inspected for licensing purposes, caregivers are supervised, and a director oversees the entire operation. Staff members at good centers are usually trained in early childhood education so they know what to expect from your child developmentally and are able to nurture her growing skills accordingly. If the center you're considering doesn't hire knowledgeable staff, keep looking.

Look for a good mix of activities during the day to teach different skills such as singing, dancing, and storytelling. Many parents like centers that present creative activities and projects in an organized, structured and methodical way. The best daycare centers feature curricula carefully designed to encourage children's cognitive, social and physical development.


For Preschools

If you're considering a preschool, you may wish to ask about the school's philosophy on educating toddlers. The fundamental principle they subscribe to may be traditional or a hybrid; it may follow the teachings and ideas of Jean Piagét, Rudolf Steiner, or Maria Montessori. Whatever its leanings, it's important that the preschool have a plan in mind for how to teach and care for its students, and that you agree with its general philosophy. Whether you choose a daycare or a preschool, be watchful about placing your child in a setting that has a stringent academic program. “Be wary of programs that claim to teach academic skills or ‘speed up' children's intellectual development,” says the American Academy of Pediatrics in Caring for Your Baby and Young Child. “From a developmental standpoint, most preschoolers are not yet ready to begin formal education.”


Visit and Observe

When you have your short list, schedule visits to the daycares or schools that made the cut. You'll need to meet the directors in person and observe the teachers with the children. You also might ask the school for the names of some parents you could speak to - a staff that's proud of their school's success will be happy to connect you with fellow parents. If your child has a special diet, ask whether the staff members are able to accommodate it. Some centers and schools may offer alternatives; some may request that you supply your own.

Next, bring your child along for a visit. See how she responds to the school and the teachers. Do they seem interested in getting to know her? Are the activities ones she'll enjoy? By watching how she reacts, you'll get a better idea of whether the daycare or preschool is a good fit.


Trust Your Instincts

Most importantly, trust your instincts. A daycare or preschool may boast new books and toys, have a gleaming new building, and be affordable to boot, but if it doesn't feel right then it isn't. It's essential that you feel comfortable with the center's or school's director with whom you'll be interacting should issues or questions come up in the future. You should also feel secure and pleased with the teachers, who will be spending many hours with your child, day in and day out. At its best, this will be a long and productive partnership.

Once you've chosen the place, you can help your toddler make the adjustment by allowing her to bring something familiar from home. Some centers have rules on what toddlers may bring, mainly to avoid distress and disruption amongst the other children, so check beforehand. You may want to ask the staff whether your child can bring in a favorite toy, a “lovey” or a photo of you or the family to look at.


What to Pack from Home

You'll probably need to provide a sheet and a blanket (for naptime), as well as diapers (if your toddler wears them), plus wipes and ointment. You may want to provide both a protective ointment that helps prevent diaper rash, such as BALMEX® Daily Protective Clear Ointment, as well as an ointment containing zinc that treats diaper rash, such as BALMEX® Zinc Oxide Diaper Rash Cream.


Winding Down

When your toddler comes home, you may find it helpful to establish a routine that includes suppertime, bath time and general wind-down “family time”. Although it's impossible to prevent your child from picking up other children's colds, you can lesson the effect by washing her hands as soon as she arrives home, before she touches her toys and other items in your home. You can turn this into a fun routine by using products that are geared towards her needs. JOHNSON'S® BUDDIESTM Instant-foam Hand and Face Wash makes washing fun and easy. And it's the only toddler hand wash with the unique NO MORE TEARS® formula. Another fun option is JOHNSON'S® BUDDIESTM Easy-grip Sudzing Bar, with a patented pouch that won't get messy and won't slip from your toddler's little hands.

By choosing a nurturing and attentive daycare center or preschool and by helping your toddler adjust to a new routine, you can help her understand that, no matter what changes confront her, she'll always be protected and loved. And such nurturing care will give her the confidence to tackle life's challenges.

Parent-child bond

Nurturing Care for Life
Parenthood is a journey and we learn as we go, continually enriching our knowledge about our children and (as a happy consequence) about ourselves. And now, as your toddler shows more and more signs of independence, you're probably wondering how best to prepare him or her for all of life's lessons.

How do we raise great kids; how can we guide them as they leave babyhood behind? How can we maintain the wonderful bond we form with our babies? How can we create nurturing care for life?

Famous child psychiatrist Fritz Redl used to say to groups of parents: “I am going to tell you the three most important things you will ever need to know about raising children – example, example, example.” Our actions speak louder than our words. We best succeed in raising kind, decent, thoughtful, curious kids when we ourselves set the example on how to be a kind, decent, thoughtful, curious person. Sometimes it's as simple as saying “please” and “thank you” to others, to demonstrate common courtesy in action. Sometimes it means picking up a book or newspaper instead of turning on the television, to show our children that there are others ways to be entertained.

You also teach by example when you adopt healthy habits for yourself – in diet, skincare and physical fitness. When you eat right, take care of yourself and establish a daily routine of personal hygiene, your child can see first-hand the benefits of doing so and is more likely to adopt the same healthy habits.

Show your child how to communicate well, and you'll give him or her an invaluable tool for life. This can be done in the simplest of ways – for instance, by eating dinner together to regroup and communicate at the end of the day. But communication is not just talk. Good communication can also be a hug, to say “I'm proud of you; you're great.” We often reserve our hugging for babies only, but touch remains an important way to connect with your child throughout his growing years. Give him a hug at bedtime or when he arrives home from school. Curl up on the couch together.

Parent-child bonding continues beyond the baby years – it grows and evolves as your child's skills grow and evolve. By teaching by example, by establishing good communication and by staying in touch with your child's needs, you help deepen the bond you created with your baby. You set the groundwork for health and happiness. You create nurturing care for life.

Helping Your Child Avoid Allergens

Keeping Kids' Allergies Under Control
Pollen, dust, mold, and pet dander are the most common allergens. Here are 9 ways you can help your child avoid allergens—and avoid allergy flare-ups.

Improve the air quality.
Keep windows closed and use air conditioning (fans can stir up dust). Filter the air from air conditioning and heating vents with cheesecloth or HEPA filters. Clean air filters frequently, and air ducts once a year. Use a dehumidifier (especially in basements) to keep humidity below 50% and prevent mold growth. Don't allow tobacco smoke in the house.

Keep it clean.
Vacuum frequently. Wash bed linens and towels in hot water (at least 130° F), put laundry in the dryer right away so it doesn't grow any mold - and don't hang laundry outside to dry where it can collect pollen.

Allergy-free decorating.
Avoid venetian blinds and curtains that can't be washed, storing firewood indoors, carpeting, throw rugs, and indoor plants.

Pets.
Keep pets outside as much as possible—and especially keep them out of the bedroom. Brush pets outside to remove loose hair, dander, and other allergens. Consider using an air filtration system.

Places your child should avoid.
Allergen-heavy areas like basements, crawl spaces, garages, barns, and compost heaps. Freshly cut grass.

Choose your child's outings wisely.
Check weather forecasts and pollen counts. When possible, keep kids indoors on hot, dry, windy days when pollen counts are highest.

Time your child's outings wisely.
Try to keep kids indoors between 5a.m. and 10a.m., when pollen counts are highest.

Leave the allergens outside.
Have your child shower and change clothes right away after being outdoors for extended periods. This will remove pollen and prevent it from spreading around the house.

Keep allergy medicine handy.
Always keep a few doses of your child's allergy medicine with you—especially when traveling. That way, even if your child's allergies flare up, you can keep him comfortable.

Parenting Tips

Bringing up a child is a very rewarding experience. But it is a challenging job, one that has tremendous responsibilities. It is a complex task and a lot of patience and understanding is required to give a good upbringing to the child.

A child's behavior and needs change in different stages of his life. A toddler's needs are different from a pre-teen's and a teenager has his own set of unique needs. A parent needs to understand the wants and needs of his young one. The role of a parent is of utmost importance as the child looks up to his parents. Therefore it is essential for parents to monitor the behavior of the child, understand his unique needs and come up with solutions to the problems he faces.

In this section, we will focus on the common issues facing pre-schoolers i.e. children from the age group of 2-5 years. We will also dwell on the steps a parent needs to take for a child's well being. A healthy parent-child relationship will ultimately reflect on the child making him a well-rounded individual.


Here are a few common behavioral problems that a child faces:

Shyness
Hyperactivity
Eating Problems
Temper Tantrums
Phobias or Fears

Shyness

Does your child tuck her head into your shoulder when a relative or a friend gets too close or does she hold back from joining group activities? Shyness is extremely common among 2-3 year olds. It is believed that a child's behavior patterns are a result of both genetic and environmental influences. Some children feel comfortable around peers but not around adults and sometimes it is vice-versa. But with a little bit of understanding, your child can come out of her shell. This is what you can do:

Initially, stick with activities that involve smaller groups and quiet or familiar
environments. At a later stage, expose the child to unfamiliar settings and people.
Any time your toddler reaches out to make a friend or join in an activity, praise her efforts no matter how tentative.
Prevent labelling of the children as "shy". Otherwise she will come to believe it. Teach the children to identify and verbally express their emotions.


Hyperactivity

While some children sit quietly, some are exactly the opposite - they are hyperactive. They want to do something all the time - like running around or talking incessantly.
Their energy is boundless so they are hyperactive.

Reason:
Most of the time, children are hyperactive because they are bored.

Solution:
It is essential to get the child involved in some activity that is interesting and captures his attention. It should be something which is fun and also a learning experience.
He can also be given small jobs around the house through which he can help his dad and mom.


Eating Problems

The dining table can see several wars between an unwilling eater (your child) and an aggressive feeder (you)! The problem can be easily dealt with if you accept the fact that the child will eat when she is hungry. Here are a few tips to deal with a child's eating problems:

Reduce the intake of the main meals if your child has snacked in between.
Don't try to make her hungry and force her to eat just to fit it into your routine! Try
and be a little flexible about the time.
Try to eat with the child - "I will eat one spoon and you will eat one too."
Arrange the food in the shape of a car or castle and spin a story around it to get the
child to eat. Avoid scary stories.


Temper Tantrums

Temper tantrums are common in young children and are a part of the growing up process.

Reasons:
The reasons could range from tiredness to anxiety or hunger. It could also be due to some changes at home or on account of sibling rivalry. Sometimes a child cannot express his feelings properly resulting in anger at himself or at you for not understanding. There are times when he throws temper tantrums due to some physical ailment. Of course, sometimes when you deny him something that he wants, he might throw a tantrum.
It is essential to find out the cause and then address the problem.

Solution:
Set a good example for your child. Avoid arguing or yelling in front of the child.
Try to remain calm. If you shout or become angry, it is likely to make things worse.
The more attention you give this behavior, the more likely it is to happen again.
As tempting as it can be, do not reward your child for stopping a tantrum.
Rewards may teach your child that a temper tantrum will help her get her way.
Distract your child from activities likely to lead to a tantrum. Suggest different
activities. If you are indoors, try taking your child outside to distract his attention.
Make sure your child is well rested, especially before a busy day or stressful activity.


Phobias or Fears

Most children as well as some adults face a variety of fears or phobias. Sometimes these fears do not cause a major problem in day-to-day life but sometimes they are cause for concern as it disrupts the rhythm of life. Some of the common phobias faced by children are:

Fear of the dark:
This fear is common in children between the ages of two and six. It is not actually the darkness that they fear; a child is frightened of the things he supposes are prowling around in the dark. When the child gets afraid at night, turn on the lights and search together for the things he is afraid of to assure him that it is not there. Sometimes the shadows that he sees at night also instil fear in the child. Show the child how these shadows are cast - in fact you can make animal shadows together with your hands -
this will convince him of their harmlessness. This should help them cope successfully
with the fear.

Fear of water:
Some children hesitate to enter water. Do not throw the child in the water in order for him to get over his fear and do not shame him into doing it. It is essential to avoid putting any pressure on the child. Let him play on the beach or the bank till he gets the confidence. What could strengthen his resolve further would be to see you enjoying in the water. Of course it is essential to keep a watch on your child in the water.

Fear of doctor or medicines:
Very often children are frightened of taking injections and medicines. As a rule, if very little is said about the whole thing, the child may accept the medication as a matter of course. But if he is still hesitant about that injection, tell him that the injection will make him healthy once again and that after he is fit you can do many fun things together.
As for medicines, you can crush the pills and put it in a syrup as per the advice of the doctor. You can also hide the small pills in bread, disguising the taste with some strong and accepted flavour like honey.

Constipation

Parents often worry unnecessarily!
Parents OFTEN become concerned about infant constipation when they observe NORMAL changes in their baby's bowel habits and behavior, which COMMONLY occur around 2 - 6 weeks of age. It's around this age that the FREQUENCY of babies' bowel motions often DECREASES, (this being more obvious in breastfed babies). It is ALSO around this age that many babies are first observed to 'STRAIN' when having a bowel motion OR passing gas.

Unfortunately, these changes frequently occur at a time when MANY infants are becoming increasingly IRRITABLE and so parents naturally assume there is a connection. However, in MOST situations changes in bowel habits have NOTHING to do with an infant's irritable behavior.

It's NOT the FREQUENCY of bowel motions or STRAINING that determines if your baby is constipated; it's the CONSISTENCY of his stools.


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What is infant constipation?
A baby is considered to be constipated if his poop is FIRM, DRY and PEBBLY! Crying while having a bowel motion, bleeding from the anus, abdominal pain and reduced appetite can ALSO be signs a baby is constipated.

If your baby's poop is fluid, soft OR paste consistency, then he's NOT constipated.


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What normal infant stools look like
When your baby is breastfed
CONSISTENCY: Soft or runny.
COLOR: Yellow, mustard to orange with little white flecks that look like seeds.
FREQUENCY: Can vary from EVERY feed to ONCE every week or so.

When your baby is bottle fed
CONSISTENCY: Soft paste.
COLOR: Grayish green, yellow, tan OR brown, depending on the type of formula.
FREQUENCY: Once (sometimes twice) every 1 or 2 days.

When your baby is eating solid food
CONSISTENCY: Paste to formed stools. Often contains undigested food.
COLOR: Can VARY depending on WHAT has been eaten.
FREQUENCY: Can be less frequent - particularly for a breastfed baby.


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Why the frequency of stools change
A DECREASE in the number of times your baby poops DOESN'T necessarily mean he's constipated!


A DECREASE in the frequency of bowel motions is OFTEN noticeable around 4 weeks of age, particularly when a baby is breastfed. As your baby's digestive system matures his body is BETTER able to digest and absorb the many nutrients in milk (breast or formula) and as a result there in LESS waste (poop).

It is around this time that a mother's breast milk supply settles to meet her baby's needs, so this also results is less poop. (Nursing mother's often have an ABUNDANCE of breast milk during the early weeks of breastfeeding.)

A reduction in the number of of bowel motions of a formula fed baby may also be seen around this age. However, it generally LESS obvious than changes seen in fully breastfed infants.

OTHER TIMES where a change in the AMOUNT and HOW OFTEN a baby poops, may occur as a result of changes in diet. A sudden change in the frequency of bowel motions is COMMONLY seen when...

A baby is switched from breast milk to formula.
The type of formula is changed.
A baby first starts to eat solid foods.
The amount of solid foods is increased.
When a baby is first introduced to regular cow's milk.

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Why babies strain!
STRAINING alone is NOT a sign of constipation!

Adults strain when they are constipated, so it's natural to assume your baby's straining is due to constipation. However, straining is NORMAL behavior for infants, particularly during the early weeks of life, and is NOT a sign of constipation UNLESS bowel motions are FIRM, DRY and PEBBLY.

Young babies OFTEN strain due to the effects of the gastro-colic reflex and the defecation reflex. (See infant reflexes for more information). The 'straining' action helps to move stools through your baby's intestines.

Grunting, groaning and going red in the face while having a bowel motion (fluid or paste consistency) OR passing gas is COMMONLY seen in infants around 4 - 6 weeks of age. It is at this age your baby is becoming more aware of his body sensations and he is learning to gain some control over his body movements (that will eventually be necessary to voluntarily control his bowel motions in the future).

As your baby strains he's also learning which muscles do what and how much effort is needed to poop. He may use a little MORE effort than necessary to begin with, but after a few weeks of practice he will become a 'poop expert' and straining will settle.

Straining may also occurs at times when your baby is learning to pass a LARGER or slightly THICKER consistency stool than he's used to. This often occurs if his diet is changed such as, changing from breast milk to formula OR when he starts on solid foods. This is also NORMAL and generally settles in a week or so.

Straining is normal - CRYING while having a bowel motion is NOT!


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What causes infant constipation?
Insufficient fluid
New foods
Low fiber
Different types of formula
Medications
1. Insufficient fluid
Is your baby gaining enough weight for his age?
Does he provide you with 6 or more wet diapers each day?
Are you making his formula correctly?
If he has started on solid foods, are you offering him additional water?
If the answer is NO, he may NOT be getting ENOUGH fluid in the form of breast milk, formula or water and this can lead to constipation.

It is RARE for a thriving, FULLY breastfed baby to become constipated. Your breastfed baby does NOT need to be offered water BEFORE he starts eating solid foods. Water or other fluids should NOT replace breast milk.

Depending on the climate, your formula fed baby may NEED extra fluids BEFORE he starts on solid foods. If you live in a warm climate, offering your baby water (in addition to formula) is often recommended at an earlier age.

Check how you prepare your baby's formula. Incorrect preparation of formula can result in an insufficient water ratio which can cause constipation. (See Preparing and warming formula for more information.)

2. New foods
It's common for a breastfed baby to experience constipation for the first time when solid foods are introduced into his diet OR if he is switched from breast milk to infant formula. His little body is just NOT used to digesting anything other than breast milk. Introduce new foods slowly to allow time for him to adjust.

Some FOODS are more constipating than others for both breastfed and formula fed infants. These include cheese, ice-cream, yogurt, white bread, spaghetti, macaroni, white rice, banana, green apples, cooked carrots, corn, turnips and potatoes. SMALL amounts of these foods will generally NOT cause a problem, but LARGER amounts may result in constipation.

4. Low fiber
Fiber is only found in plant foods such as cereals, fruits and vegetables. Babies over 6 months with high intakes of formula or cow's milk (only recommended after 12 months) often experience constipation. It's NOT the milk itself that causes this, it's simply that the child fills up on milk which means he will have LIMITED appetite for other foods that provide fiber.

4. Different types of formula
Formula fed babies are MORE at risk of becoming constipated than are breastfed babies.

Some TYPES of infant formula can be more constipating than others. Casein dominant formula, lactose-free formula, AR (anti regurgitation) and thickened formulas can be more constipating for SOME babies. Variations can also occur between different BRANDS of the same type of formula.

Switching formula (or switching to cow's milk) can lead to changes in stool consistency, resulting in EITHER constipation OR loose runny stools. Most often this change is only temporary, until your baby's little tummy gets used to the new formula. (We recommend you rule out OTHER reasons for constipation BEFORE switching formula.)

5. Medications
Common medications given to babies can sometimes cause constipation.

Pain-killers containing paracetamol, acetaminophen and ibuprophen.
Antibiotics.
Antacids containing alumimum.
Iron supplements.

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When to treat infant constipation
Most babies are NOT truly constipated unless they experience all of the following...

Firm, dry pebbly stools.
No bowel motions for 2-3 days for formula fed babies OR 7-10 days for breastfed babies*; and
Strains and cries while having a bowel motion.
Unless your little one has a problem with ALL THREE, he's probably NOT constipated and you needn't do anything. If your baby is constipated, treatment may be necessary. We suggest you start with 'natural remedies' first.

*It is RARE for a fully breastfed baby to become constipated prior to starting solids. 7-10 days without a bowel movement can be very normal where a baby is ONLY offered breast milk. Breast milk is the perfect food for babies and very little is left to waste. Breast milk also has a natural laxative effect that helps protect your baby against constipation.


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Natural remedies
Water
Sugar e.g. brown sugar OR corn syrup (Karo)
Fruit juice
Fruit
Probiotics
1. Water
Increasing the amount of water your offer your baby is often more EFFECTIVE than adding sugars to his diet. For babies less than 6 months old offer 1 oz of cooled boiled water, once or twice a day. For babies over 6 months offer 2 oz, once or twice a day.

2. Sugar
A remedy for constipation that has been around for centuries and still recommended today, is to add some form of sugar to a baby's diet. The sugar works by drawing additional fluid into the baby's bowel to soften the stools. Sugar can come from fruit, in the form of fructose or sorbitol or sucrose from sugar cane.

It's frequently recommended to add some form of sugar (particularly brown sugar) OR corn syrup (Karo syrup) to baby's formula. RATHER than do this, we suggest you offer it in a small amount of cooled, boiled water for two reasons...

The additional water is helpful; and
Your baby may fuss with feeding once the sugar is stopped.
In the past honey was recommended as a treatment for constipation. However, it is no NO longer recommended for children under the age of 12 months because of the associated risk of botulism (a gastro-intestinal illness).

BROWN SUGAR
Add 1/2 teaspoon of brown sugar (the one used for cooking) to 1 oz of cooled boiled water. Offer this to your baby 3 times a day, directly before formula feeds, until his poop is soft and then stop.

*Although brown sugar is recommended because it contains molasses, white sugar would do.

CORN SYRUP

Corn syprup is mildly sweet, concentrated solution of sugares derived from corn starch. A common brand is Karo.

Add 1 teaspoon of Karo syrup to 4oz of cooled boiled water. Offer 1 oz of this solution to your baby from a bottle, just before his formula feeds, twice per day until his poop is soft then stop.

CAUTION: ONLY add sugar OR corn syrup to your little one's diet, if you are treating constipation, NOT both.

3. Fruit Juice
Apple, pear or prune or pear can be very effective at relieving constipation. To begin with dilute the juice to 1/4 strength by adding cooled, boiled water. Slowly increase the concentration to 1/2 strength if necessary.

If your baby is aged 3 - 6 months, offer 1 oz of diluted juice (2 oz if he's over 6 months). Offer this twice a day until his poop is soft. Give less rather than more to start with as too much juice can result in abdominal gas, bloating and diarrhea. (See Carbohydrate malabsorption for more information.)

CAUTION:

DO NOT treat infant constipation with diluted juice AND addition sugars (including Karo) at the same time. Choose ONLY one treatment.
Diluted fruit juice as a treatment for constipation is NOT recommended for babies less than 3 months old.
It is NOT recommended to offer fruit juice on a regular basis to babies less than 3 months.
4. Fruit & vegetables
If your baby has started eating solids, include MORE fruit and vegetables to his diet, as this may help to reduce the chance of constipation developing in the first place.

Bananas and apple sauce can result in FIRMER stools. Carrots and squash are constipating for some babies. Prunes, peaches, pears, plums, apricots and peas make stools softer. Colored vegetables tend to help, where as white vegetables can be constipating for some babies.

If your baby is under 9 months AVOID citrus fruits such a orange, grapefruit and pineapple, as the acid content in these fruits can be harsh on little tummies, as well as the skin around his mouth and bottom (when it comes out).

5. Probiotics
In recent decades, there has been much research into the benefits of maintaining a healthy intestinal microflora. Healthy intestinal flora include friendly microorganisms. The main source of friendly microorganisms in a baby's intestinal flora is bifidobacteria. Formula fed babies have only approx 25% of bifidobacteria in their intestines compared to 95% in the intestines of breastfed babies.

Probiotics involve providing live non-pathogenic microorganisms that improve the balance of intestinal microflora. Drinking infant formula with probiotics changes a formula fed baby's intestinal flora to be closer to that of a breastfed baby. Studies have shown probiotic infant formula may soften a baby's stools, decrease nappy rash and provide some protection against gastroenteritis.

Some countries produce infant formulas that include probiotics. (You will find the formula label is clearly marked if it contains probiotics). You can also purchase bifidobacteria from health food stores, which can be added to regular infant formula. Discuss this with your healthcare provider before starting your baby on probiotics.


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Medications
Laxatives
Laxatives are ONLY necessary if 'natural remedies' have failed OR where constipation is severe. Although many different types of laxatives can be purchases over-the-counter, most laxatives are NOT suitable for babies and small children. If you feel your baby needs a laxative to relieve his constipation, we recommend you consult with your baby's doctor about a SUITABLE treatment.

Different laxatives work in different ways

Some simply soften the stool.
Others act as a peristaltic stimulant (in other words they stimulate the natural contractions of the bowel in order to push the stoools out).
Some offer a combination of softener with peristaltic stimulant
Others offer additional fiber.
Laxative can be given to babies ORALLY, in the form of drops or ANALLY by a suppository or enema.


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BabycareAdvice.com treatment recommendations
Babies under 2 months
Check formula preparation.
Offer additional water.
Try brown sugar in water OR Karo syrup in water.
Change infant formula if constipation continues.
Babies between 2-6 months
Check formula preparation.
Offer additional water.
Try brown sugar in water OR Karo syrup in water OR diluted fruit juice.
Reduce the amount of solids offered (if you have already started your baby on solids).
Increase fruits and vegetables.
Offer fruit WITH cereal.
Reduce constipating foods.
Babies over 6 months
Offer baby a mixed grain cereal.
Offer DILUTED fruit juice.
Increase the amount of fruit and vegetables offered daily.
Reduce constipating foods.
Change back to a 'starter' formula if you have recently switched to a 'follow-on' formula.
Children over 12 months
Offer plenty of water.
Check milk intake. Decrease the amount to 24 oz per day OR less if custard, yogurt or cheese is offered.
Increase your child's activity.
Offer diluted fruit juice.
Increase the amount of fruit and vegetables offered daily.
If your child is toilet trained or in the process of toilet training, encourage regular toilet times OR sit your child on the potty after meals.

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What to do when your baby strains
It's NOT necessary for you do anything when your baby strains while trying to poop. However, if you feel he is staining because of constipation (i.e. firm, dry pebbly poop) you may find lifting his knees to his chest, which is a natural squatting position, by holding his ankles can help him to exert enough pressure to push it out.

Alternate this with gently moving his legs backwards and forwards in a 'bicycle' movement. Also try...

A warm bath.
A tummy massage.
Tummy massage
Your baby's large bowel sits in his abdomen in one large loop. Stools travel in a clockwise direction (clockwise as you face him). To assist him to expel gas that can occur with constipation, it's best to follow the natural path of his large bowel.

Put some oil on your hands and gently but firmly massage his abdomen in a clockwise direction using long stroking actions. Alternate this with lifting his knees and the 'bicycle' movement.


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When to see a doctor
If your baby cries while straining.
If constipation remains a persistent problem.
If your baby is not gaining weight.
If the number of wet diapers each day is less than 6.
If your baby's poop looks unusual or has blood in it.
If you notice any bleeding from his anus.
For advice on suitable laxatives.
*Constipation in infants is rarely due to excess iron. Low iron formula should only be given if recommended by your doctor.

Written by Rowena Bennett
RN, RM, RPN, CHN, Grad Dip Health Promotion.